KCSE History and Government Questions With Answers
Describe the social organization of the Agikuyu during the Pre – colonial period.
The smallest social unit was the family. Several related families formed a clan (mbari) which lived in a defined area. The Agikuyu practiced circumcision for boys and clictoridectomy for girls. The Agikuyu had age – set system (riika) made up of boys and girls who were initiated at the same period. Members of the age set worked together and considered each other as brothers and sisters. Marriage was highly regarded among the Agikuyu as one would raise a family and also own properties. The Agikuyu believed in the existence of a supreme God called Ngai who lived on Mount Kenya (Kirinyaga) The Agikuyu had prayed and made sacrifices to God on various occasions. The Agikuyu also believed in the existence of ancestral spirit who acted as intermediaries between God and the people. The Agikuyu had sacred places of worship such as groves and fig trees. The Agikuyu had some specialists such as prophets, medicine people and rainmakers who were consulted in time of need.
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State three ways through which communities in Kenya interacted during the pre – colonial period.14/5/2020 State three ways through which communities in Kenya interacted during the pre – colonial period.
Communities exchanged goods through trade. They raided each other for livestock They fought wars with each other. They inter – married Explain why Kenya communities were defeated by the British during the establishment of colonial rule.
Give five reasons why Britain colonized Kenya.
To establish their control over the source of River Nile because of their interests in Egypt. To help stop slave trade in the region and replace it with legitimate trade. To protect their missionaries who were already in Kenya so that they could carry out their missionary work/ spread of Western civilization. To establish a reliable market for their manufactured goods in Britain. For prestige To ensure settlements for surplus population. To invest surplus / excess capital To secure sources of raw materials. To prevent colonization of Kenya by other powers. Explain six factors that led to the decline of the Portuguese rule over the Kenyan coast.
Outline stages in the Portuguese conquest of the coastal towns up to 1510
Explain how they system of government of the USA works.
Describe the functions of the president of the United States of America (USA)
Explain the results of the Second World War.
Describe three factors that enabled the Allied Powers to win the Second World War.
Germany’s inability to effectively control her expansive territories and some turned against her and fought along the Allies. The USSR recovered from her losses rearmed and attacked Germany. The allies had more supporters than the Axis powers who remained four i.e. German, Bulgaria, Austria and Turkey. U.S.A’s entry into the war on the side of Allies attack of Pearl Harbour. Germany’s forces were overstretched by fighting war in many fronts. Allied forces had better arms than the Axis powers e.g. Atomic bombs. A chief forces controlled N sea 4 blocked Germany. Explain why the use of indirect rule in Southern Nigeria was unsuccessful.
Southern Nigeria did not have centralized indigenous system of government that was necessary for the application of indirect rule. Lack of homogeneity in the South as there were many ethnic groups, languages & customs to be understood. The British introduced new ideas such as forced labour and direct taxes which infuriated the people. The failure of the British administrators to fully understand how the socio, economic and political system of Southern Nigeria (based on the Office of the Oba). Operated made them five up easily. Opposition from the educated elite who felt out of the administration of their country / leadership. The educated people in Southern Nigeria resented the chiefs appointed by the British because they were illiterate. The Obas of southern Nigeria had defined powers such as mediation, so when they were given wide ranging powers, people became discounted. Communication barriers between the British supervisors, the warrant chiefs and the people often led to misinterpretation and misunderstanding. Misuse of power by the warrant chiefs who raised taxes for their own benefits. They also harassed women sexually. Use of excessive force to suppress any form of resistance provoked resentment e.g. the shooting women during a demonstration against British administration. Why did the British use indirect rule to administer Northern Nigeria?
To reduce the administrative costs of the colony because it was vast / costs. The British did not have enough trained personnel to administer the area no person. There existed an already acceptable system of administrating through the Emirs and Qadis. They did not want to provoke people of Northern Nigeria into rebellion – rear or rebellious by introducing new rules. Indirect rule had already succeeded in Uganda and India, so they had points of reference. The adoption of the Dual Mandate policy by the British government encouraged the development of the colony for its own good and the good of Britain. Poor communication network. Explain five reforms that were introduced by the German administration after the Maji Maji uprising.14/5/2020 Explain five reforms that were introduced by the German administration after the Maji Maji uprising.
What reasons led to the failure of Maji Maji rebellion in 1907.
Africans wee not well organized in their assistance. Each community fought on its won / lack of proper coordination. The magic water failed to protect Africans from German bullets leading to the death of African soldieries into the battle. The Africans did not unite to face the common enemy for example to Hehe and Nyamwesi did join the revolution / lack of unity. The Germans received reinforcement from Germany and other colonies and thus their number overwhelmed the African Soldiers. African soldiers lacked enough weapons to use against the Germans. The Africans did not have a well trained army / lack of military skills. The ruthlessness of the German soldiers in crushing the rebellion e.g use of scorched earth policy. Capture and execution of leaders demoralized the warriors. Explain the Christian church split during the 16th century.
Translation of the Bible to many European languages enables people to read the world and challenge some of the teachings. Corrupt practices in the church e.g. pluralism (holding more than one office in the church. Buying offices in the church. The clergy lived luxurious lives and many lived for wordy pleasures in the monasteries and nunneries which was not in accordance with the teachings of Bible. Sale of indulgencies to those who had sinned in order to be forgiven. Practice of the nepotism and appointment of their relatives to high offices. The clergy ignored the rule of celibacy and kept mistresses. The faithful were opposed to the heavy taxes imposed on them to sustain the church. Reformist questioned some church practices and ceremonies e.g. confession. The growth of nationalism throughout Europe made many people to question why they were Answerable to Rome. Excessive secular and religion powers for the pope. The age of Renaissance (Rebirth) likened traditional beliefs of the church at the time Struggled for papacy The development of printing press to production of more religious materials. The unwillingness of the clergy to compromise with the demands of the reformists especially after the trial and excommunication of Martin Luther. In what way are the teachings of Islam similar to those of Christianity?
Explain five results of the industrial Revolution in Europe during the 19th Century.
There was extensive use of machinery instead of human labour. Use of steam power instead of water wind and animal power. Establishment of factories in place of collage industries. Production of goods in large quantities. (Mass production) Use of iron and steel instead of wood Growth of surplus capital for investment/capitalism. Improved living standards/Employment. High population growth rate. Rural urban migration. Improved transport system e.g. railway. Utilization of scientific knowledge in production of goods. Production of different types of goods / variety Increased trade. Growth of towns / urbanization Development of banking insurance industries. Led to pollution Led to the rise of trade unionism Factory owners exploited workers/ poor working condition. European economist were diversified / job specialization. Promoted agriculture. What factors led to the industrialization in German in the 19th Century?
The establishment of the Zollverein removed trade barriers and led to free trade and economic growth. Availability of coal as a source of industrial energy/H.E.P Availability of iron ore as a source of raw materials for industries. Political unity of all German states under the leadership of Bismark. Acquisition of all German states under the leadership of Bismark. Existence of a large population provided labour/unskilled labour Availability of local market from the large population. Development of goods transport and communication network The government supported industry and encouraged Germany entrepreneurs. Enterprising of nature of Germany Whom with managerial skills /skilled labour Availability of external market. Explain six factors that led to the decline of the Trans-Atlantic trade.
The development of Industrial Revolution in Europe shifted the demand from slaves to agricultural produce e.g. Palm oil. The need to retain Africans in their homelands to produce raw materials for export to Europe. The attainment of independence by the USA left Britain without colonies where she would talk the slaves to work. The rise of Humanitarians in Britain made up missionaries and some parliamentarians pressurized the British government to abolish the slave trade and slavery. The development of the legitimate trade which was more profitable and less costly replaced slave trade and slavery. Britain influenced other European countries to stop slavery and slave trade by signing anti slave trade treaties. Use of machines in farms/industries rendered slave labour unnecessary. Lending Economist e.g. Adams smiths argued that free people were more productive than slaves. French Rev. of 1789 spread ideas of Liberty qualifying brotherhood to all mankind Closure of American slave market after the defeat of S. American stated at the civil war. Describe three ways through which slaves were obtained during the Trans-Atlantic slaves trade.14/5/2020 Describe three ways through which slaves were obtained during the Trans-Atlantic slaves trade.
Explain six ways through which Thomas Joseph Mboya contributed the struggle for independence in Kenya.
What major reforms resulted from the Lyttelton Constitution of 1954 in Kenya?
It led to the establishment of a Multi-racial council of Ministers made up of official and un official members. This new council replaced the Executive Council B.A. Obanga one of the nominated African members was made Minister for Community Development and African affairs. Africans were allowed to form political originations whose functions were confirmed to district levels. The government provided for elections of eight Africans to the legislative Council It led to the establishment of an Advisory Council to discuss government policies Explain six ways through which the colonial government promoted settler farming.
What economic reasons encouraged the British to colonize Kenya during 19th Century
Explain six effects of Portuguese rule on the Kenyan Coast
It led to the decline of the Indian Ocean trade/decline of gold trade It led to the decline and ruin of towns It led to loss of life during their constant raids on coastal towns The heavy taxes that were imposed on the coastal peoples hindered the development of commercial and agricultural resources at the coast They built Fort Jesus which became a historic monument in the subsequent years They brought new crops to the coast e.g. maize, groundnuts and pineapples They introduced the use of farmyard manure Their language enriched the Kiswahili language The introduction of guns and other advanced weapons by the Portuguese contributed to insecurity in the region Commercial links between the Kenyan coast and the Arabian Peninsular were almost completely cut off. Some African were converted to Christianity. Closer links between the Kenyan coast and India developed Their conquest of the Kenyan coast exposed the area to other European powers. |
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