Comprehensive Resources for Agriculture: Topical Questions, Past Papers, and Answers
Atika School
Describe the different methods of pasture conservation and utilization Describe the different methods of pasture conservation and utilization
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Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a mouldboard plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing(a)Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a mouldboard plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing.
Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a disc plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing. (a) Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a disc plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing.
Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a mould board plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a mould board plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing
(ii) Preparation of Hay
Discuss the production of Napier grass under the following sub-headings (a) Seedbed preparation
(b) Planting
(c) Fertilizer application
(d) Weed control
Explain Napier grass production under the following sub-headingsa) Seedbed preparation
b) Planting
c) Fertilizer application
d) Weed control
e) Utilization
Harvesting Maize at the Milky Stage: Benefits for Silage MakingGive two reasons why maize should be harvested at milky stage for silage making.
Detailed Answer:
Maize should be harvested at the milky stage for silage making due to two main reasons:
Name four practices used by farmers to reduce the temperature of a silo during silage making18/11/2023 Practices to Reduce Silo Temperature during Silage MakingName four practices used by farmers to reduce the temperature of a silo during silage making.
Four Practices to Reduce Silo Temperature during Silage Making
Farmers employ various practices to reduce the temperature of a silo during the process of silage making. Here are four commonly used practices:
Qualities of Good Silage: Lactic Acid Content, Absence of Moulds, Fresh Color, and Optimal pHOutline four qualities of good silage.
Outline: Four Qualities of Good Silage
Good silage possesses several qualities that indicate its high quality and suitability for livestock feeding. Here are four key qualities of good silage:
Factors Influencing the Size of a Silage Pit: Animals to be Fed and Length of the Dry SeasonGive two factors that determine the size of a pit for silage making.
Detailed Answer:
There are two factors that determine the size of a pit for silage making:
Considering these factors allows farmers to determine the appropriate size of the pit for silage making, ensuring an adequate supply of feed for the animals and effective management of the feed resources. The Procedure of Silage Making: From Harvest to FeedoutOutline the procedure of making silage
Detailed Answer:
Making silage involves a step-by-step procedure to ensure proper fermentation and preservation of the forage. The procedure typically includes the following steps:
Give one reason why too much air in the silo is undesirable in the process of making silage18/11/2023 The Undesirability of Excess Air in Silo during Silage MakingGive one reason why too much air in the silo is undesirable in the process of making silage.
Detailed Answer:
One reason why too much air in the silo is undesirable in the process of making silage is that it may cause decomposition. When there is excess air present in the silo, it provides an oxygen-rich environment. This oxygen allows aerobic bacteria and fungi to thrive and break down the organic matter in the silage through the process of decomposition. Excessive decomposition of the forage can lead to spoilage, resulting in a loss of nutrients, foul odors, and reduced palatability. Decomposed silage is not suitable for feeding to livestock as it can negatively impact their health and performance. To prevent decomposition, it is essential to minimize the amount of air within the silo. Proper compaction during the filling process helps remove air pockets and create a dense, airtight environment. Additionally, sealing the silo with an oxygen barrier film or plastic cover helps prevent air ingress and creates an anaerobic condition that inhibits the growth of aerobic bacteria responsible for decomposition. By minimizing the presence of excess air, farmers can reduce the risk of decomposition and ensure the preservation of high-quality silage for optimal livestock feeding. The Beneficial Effect of Low pH in Silage MakingWhat is the effect of low pH is silage making.
Detailed Answer:
The effect of low pH in silage making is highly beneficial. A low pH inhibits bacterial growth and plays a crucial role in preserving the silage. During the ensiling process, when forage is packed and sealed in a silo, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) begin to ferment the sugars present in the forage. As LAB consume the sugars, they produce lactic acid. This lactic acid production leads to a decrease in the pH level of the silage. The low pH achieved through lactic acid fermentation has several effects:
Overall, the effect of low pH in silage making is crucial for inhibiting bacterial growth, preserving the silage, and maintaining its nutritional quality. Undesirability of Excess Air in Silo during Silage MakingGive two reasons why too much air in silo is undesirable during process of silage making.
Detailed Answer:
There are two main reasons why too much air in a silo is undesirable during the process of silage making:
By minimizing air exposure, farmers can promote the proper fermentation and preservation of the silage, ensuring that it retains its nutritional value and remains suitable for feeding to livestock. Main Losses in Silage: Surface Spoilage, Seepage, and RespirationState main loses of silage
Detailed Answer:
There are several main losses that can occur in silage. These losses include surface spoilage due to exposure and contact with soil, seepage if the soil is not water-tight, and respiration leading to the depletion of carbohydrates.
To minimize these losses, proper management practices are crucial. This includes using good silage-making techniques, such as achieving the optimal moisture content, proper compaction, and effective sealing of the silage. Regular monitoring and inspection of the silage stack or bunker can help identify and address any potential issues before they lead to significant losses. By addressing these main losses, farmers can maximize the quality and quantity of silage, ensuring a valuable and nutritious feed source for their livestock. The Importance of Wilting Freshly Cut Napier Grass Before EnsilingWhy is it necessary to allow freshly cut napier grass to wilt before ensiling
Detailed Answer:
It is necessary to allow freshly cut napier grass to wilt before ensiling to reduce its moisture content. Allowing the grass to wilt helps prevent excess moisture, which can lead to rotting instead of proper fermentation during the ensiling process. When napier grass is freshly cut, it typically contains a high amount of moisture. If this high moisture content is not reduced before ensiling, it creates an environment that is conducive to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi, leading to the spoilage of the forage. The excess moisture can also hinder the production of lactic acid, which is essential for the fermentation process and the preservation of the forage. By wilting the napier grass, farmers allow some of the moisture to evaporate, reducing the overall moisture content of the forage. This decrease in moisture creates a more favorable environment for beneficial bacteria to dominate and initiate proper fermentation. The bacteria convert the sugars in the grass into lactic acid, which helps lower the pH and create an anaerobic condition within the silo. This anaerobic environment is crucial for preserving the forage and preventing the growth of undesirable microorganisms. Additionally, wilting the napier grass before ensiling can improve the compaction process. The drier the forage, the better it can be compacted, allowing for the removal of excess air and promoting better fermentation. Proper compaction ensures that the forage is tightly packed, reducing the risk of oxygen exposure and further preventing spoilage. In summary, allowing freshly cut napier grass to wilt before ensiling is necessary to reduce the moisture content. This reduction in moisture helps create a favorable environment for proper fermentation, preserves the forage, and minimizes the risk of spoilage. By ensuring the optimal moisture level, farmers can produce high-quality silage that serves as a valuable feed source for their livestock. Exploring the Benefits of Rotation Grazing in Livestock ManagementGive advantages of rotation grazing.
Detailed Answer:
Advantages of Rotation Grazing Rotation grazing, also known as rotational grazing or managed intensive grazing, is a method of grazing livestock where animals are moved between different paddocks or pastures. This practice offers several advantages for both the livestock and the land. Let's explore some of the benefits of rotation grazing:
Understanding the Difference Between Pure Stand Pasture and Mixed Stand Pasturea) Differentiate the following terms pure stand pasture and mixed stand pasture.
Detailed Answer: Differentiating Pure Stand Pasture and Mixed Stand Pasture A pasture is a piece of land used for grazing animals, and it can consist of different types of plants. When it comes to pastures, two common terms used are "pure stand pasture" and "mixed stand pasture." These terms refer to the composition of plants in the pasture and can help us understand the characteristics and benefits of each type. Pure Stand Pasture A pure stand pasture refers to a piece of land where only one type of plant species is grown. In the case of pure stand pastures, it can either be a grass stand or a legume stand.
On the other hand, a mixed stand pasture refers to a piece of land where both grasses and legumes are grown together. In a mixed stand pasture, the combination of grasses and legumes provides several benefits:
(b) What are the advantages of mixed grass legume pasture over a pure grass pasture?
Harnessing the Benefits of Grass-Legume Mixtures in Forage SystemsState advantages of grass-legume mixture
Detailed Answer:
Advantages of Grass-Legume Mixture A grass-legume mixture refers to a combination of grass species and legume species grown together in a pasture or forage system. This practice offers several advantages compared to pure stands of either grass or legumes. Let's explore some of the benefits of incorporating a grass-legume mixture:
Understanding the Causes of Failure in Pasture EstablishmentState causes of failure in pasture establishment
Detailed Answer:
Causes of Failure in Pasture Establishment Establishing a successful pasture requires proper planning, preparation, and management. However, there are several factors that can contribute to the failure of pasture establishment. Let's explore some of the common causes of failure:
Define hayDefine hay
Detailed Answer:
Definition of Hay Hay is a type of forage made from dried grasses, legumes, or other herbaceous plants that are cultivated and harvested specifically for livestock feed. It is a commonly used feed source for animals, especially during periods when fresh pasture or forage is not readily available. Hay is created through a process called haymaking, which involves cutting the plants when they have reached their optimal growth stage and drying them to reduce moisture content. After cutting, the plants are typically left in the field to dry in the sun, or they may be mechanically dried using specialized equipment. Once the plants have reached the desired moisture level, they are gathered into bales, which are compacted and tied for storage and transportation. The purpose of making hay is to preserve the nutritional value of the plants for animal consumption. By drying the plants, the moisture content is reduced, which helps to prevent spoilage and the growth of mold or bacteria. This allows the hay to be stored for extended periods without significant nutrient loss. Hay can be made from a variety of grasses and legumes, such as timothy, bermudagrass, clover, or alfalfa, depending on the region and the specific nutritional needs of the livestock. The selection of plant species for hay production is typically based on their nutritional value, palatability, and ability to withstand the drying process without significant nutrient degradation. Once baled, hay can be stored and fed to livestock as a primary source of forage during times when fresh pasture is limited, such as winter or drought periods. It provides essential nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals, necessary for the health and productivity of livestock. In summary, hay is a type of dried forage made from grasses, legumes, or other herbaceous plants that are cultivated and harvested specifically for livestock feed. It serves as a preserved source of nutrition for animals when fresh pasture is not available, providing essential nutrients for their well-being. Name three forms of conserving forage.Name three forms of conserving forage.
Detailed Answer:
There are indeed three common forms of conserving forage: silage, hay, and standing forage.
Understanding Losses in Hay Making and How to Minimize ThemMention ways in which losses may be incurred during hay making.
Detailed Answer:
During the process of hay making, losses can occur due to various factors. Let's explore some of the ways in which losses may be incurred:
The Step-by-Step Procedure of Hay Making: From Cutting to StorageDescribe the procedure of hay making
Detailed Answer:
The process of hay making involves several steps to ensure the proper harvesting, drying, and storage of the forage. Here is a step-by-step description of the procedure:
The Significance of Topping in Pasture Management(a)What is topping in pasture management
Detailed Answer: In pasture management, topping refers to the practice of removing the stemmy fibrous material that is left behind after continuous grazing. This process involves cutting or mowing the pasture to a shorter height, typically above the desired grazing height. By topping the pasture, the overgrown and mature stems are removed, which helps to promote the growth of younger, more nutritious vegetation. The main purpose of topping in pasture management is to maintain the quality and productivity of the pasture. When livestock continuously graze on a pasture, they tend to selectively consume the more palatable plants while leaving behind the taller, stemmy growth. This stemmy material is less nutritious and can reduce the overall forage quality. Topping helps to remove this less desirable vegetation, allowing the pasture to regenerate and produce fresh, high-quality forage. Topping is often done using specialized machinery, such as a mower or a tractor-mounted topper. The height at which the pasture is topped can vary depending on the specific management goals and the type of forage being grown. Generally, topping is done above the desired grazing height to ensure that the younger, more nutritious growth is left for the livestock to consume. By regularly topping the pasture, farmers and ranchers can maintain a productive and healthy grazing environment for their livestock. This practice helps to control the growth of stemmy material and encourages the growth of more palatable and nutritious forage. Additionally, topping can also improve pasture aesthetics and reduce the risk of weeds and invasive plant species taking over the pasture. Overall, topping is an important component of pasture management, as it helps to create a balanced and sustainable grazing system for livestock while ensuring optimal forage quality and productivity. b) Give methods that can be used in carrying out topping in pasture field.
Detailed Answer:
In pasture management, there are several methods that can be used to carry out topping in a pasture field. These methods include:
It is important to note that the choice of topping method depends on various factors, including the type of vegetation, the size of the pasture, and the specific management goals. Each method has its own advantages and considerations, and it is essential to select the most appropriate method based on the specific circumstances and objectives of the pasture management plan. By utilizing these topping methods, farmers and ranchers can effectively control the growth of stemmy material in pasture fields, promote the growth of more desirable vegetation, and maintain a healthy and productive grazing environment for their livestock. |
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